As it happened, oil was already chiefly traded in dollars, and Mulford clarified that Saudi Arabia had limited alternatives but to channel its earnings into dollar-based assets. Mulford, who later served as a U.S. Treasury undersecretary and ambassador to India, noted, "Back then, a mere $10 million currency transaction outside the U.S. could sway markets, imposing real constraints on how much we could diversify our currency holdings." Additionally, "acquiring German, Japanese, Dutch, or Swiss bonds in quantities comparable to the U.S. market was unfeasible."
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